Theoretical refl ections on the evolution of migration
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چکیده
Migration in nature occurs against a complex, shifting backdrop of kaleidoscopic changes through time due to many distinct forces of variation acting over different time scales, from stochastic daily fl uctuations in the weather, to multi-annual oscillations in the abundance of resources and natural enemy populations, to the stately march of climate change over geological time. Migrants move across landscapes that are complex over many spatial scales ( Chapter 7 ). Organisms themselves are of course comparably complex, with plastic, multifaceted adaptive strategies for contending with variation in the environment across space and time ( Chapter 2 ). The theoretical fi tness consequences of migration have been considered many times and in many ways. Most of these models, however, have been built around specifi c taxa or ecosystems. To gain a conceptual handle on the evolutionary forces that have generated and today maintain migration, we suggest it might be equally useful to start with a simple idealized organism living in an equally idealized world. Here we consider the conditions under which non-migratory home range behaviour is vulnerable to invasion by a migratory phenotype; we also consider the converse conditions under which a migratory population can be invaded by non-migratory individuals. Our larger goals are to clarify the logic underlying migratory habitat selection in a seasonal environment, help to defi ne conditions for what we might call the ‘evolutionary statics’ of migration, and set the stage for more complex evolutionarily dynamic models. At the end of this chapter, we will consider how our simple model compares with other models of the evolution of migration in the published literature.
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تاریخ انتشار 2011